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Copyright 1997 - Environment Canada
page 1 of book "glossary.tbk"
anyone
beeton
mirex
page "solec lo 04"
stress
Page "solec tab 2"
consumption
Page id 80
ge "solec 005"
glossary
welcome
page "welcome"
anyref
Page id 82
anypage
solec 002
solec 006
solec hh 02
solec ah 02
solec tab 4
solec aq 02
solec se 02
solec se 06
solec tab 7
solec tab 9
solec tab 7a
solec003
solec le 08
solec 905
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solec lst 01
solec lo 05
welcome
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solec le 02
solec le 06
solec nut 01
solec table 9
beeton
solec 004
solec hh 04
solec 007
solec lh 01
solec 901
solec 091
solec se 04
solec le 03
solec lo 01
lo fish
solec cc 01
solec lh 02
solec 902
solec lo 02
solec tab 8
save page
solec tab 10
gulls
solec tab 11
solec tab 11a
solec 005
solec hh 05
solec lh 03
solec le 04
solec tab 2
solec tab 06
solec 903
solec eh 01
solec pts 01
solec ls 01
solec lm 01
solec lo 03
solec le 07
solec tab 12
solec se 05
ls fish
solec tab 12a
solec ls 02
solec lm 02
solec tab 3
solec tab 03
solec table 10
solec tab 03 a
solec table 11
show1
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solec table 12
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st. clair for carolinian
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solec 901
DDT and its breakdown products, including p,p -DDE
DDT is an insecticide which was introduced to North America in 1946.  Its use was restricted beginning in 1968 and is now banned.  DDT and its breakdown products, including p,p  DDE, are still found in the water, sediments, fish and birds of the Great Lakes.  They probably originate from a number of sources including lake bottom sediments, contaminated tributary sediments, runoff from sites of historical use, leaking landfill sites, illegal use of old stocks,
and long range transportation through the atmosphere from countries still using DDT.  For example, DDT is still used in many parts of the world to prevent crop damage from insect pests.  It is also used in developing countries to control tsetse fly and in Central and South America as an effective measure against malaria.  According to the World Health Organization, Mexico and Brazil each used almost one thousand tons of DDT in 1992.  
DDT can disrupt the hormone and enzyme systems.  It gained notoriety in the late 1970s for causing eggshell thinning in birds, and it is associated with embryo mortality and sterility in wildlife.  Recent research in the Great Lakes indicates that p,p'-DDE and o,p DDT possess estrogenic activities, and they have the potential to feminize wildlife embryos, i.e., to alter the hormonal balance and reproductive structures.
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solec 902
Aldrin and Dieldrin
Dieldrin has been in use in parts of the world since 1948 as a soil insecticide and seed dressing to kill fire ants, grubs, wireworms, root maggots and corn rootworms. Dieldrin is no longer imported or manufactured in Canada. Dieldrin is also the persistant breakdown product of another widely used pesticide, aldrin, which has also been banned. In 1993, only one company in Ontario (and in Canada) had remaining stocks of aldrin and dieldrin. The last stocks have since been disposed of at a secured landfill site and dieldrin is no longer in use across Ontario.  Dieldrin is still used in limited amounts for termite control in the Great Lakes basin (IJC, 1991).  There has been a general decline of dieldrin concentrations in the Great Lakes since the 1970s.
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solec 903
Toxaphene
Toxaphene is a poorly characterized mixture of several hundred individual chemicals.  Toxaphene was the most common substitute for DDT after its ban in 1971 and was used extensively in the Southern United States on cotton crops.  Its use has been restricted in the US since 1982.
Toxaphene was removed from general use in Canada in 1974, although small amonts are still allowed for use in Canada (IJC, 1991).  Toxaphene is found in the tissues of Great Lakes fish.  Toxaphene is acutely toxic to fish, but relatively non toxic to mammalian species.  It has, however, been identified as an animal carcinogen (US EPA, 1980)... carcinogen (US EPA, 1980).
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solec 904
	Q	Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polychlorinated biphenyls are a family of 209 related chemicals, many of which have toxic properties.  Some members of this family are of particular concern because they have chemical structures and biochemical characteristics similar to dioxins.   PCBs have been used since the 1930s in electrical and hydraulic equipment, which accounts for about 60% of the total usage.  They were also used in various plasticizers (25% of total use), hydraulic fluids and lubricants (10%) and in consumer products such as carbonless copy paper, inks, adhesives, flame retardants and fluorescent lights (5%).  After 1971, PCB use was restricted to closed electrical
systems. In 1975, the manufacture and importation of PCBs was prohibited in the United States.  In Canada, PCB use was regulated in 1977 under the Environmental Contaminants Act.  PCBs have not been manufactured in North America since 1978.  Importation of all electrical equipment containing PCBs was banned after 1980, and PCB use was restricted to existing equipment. 
One of the targets established in the 1994 Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the Great Lakes (COA) calls for a 90 per cent decommission of high-level PCBs (greater than 10,000 ppm) in Ontario, destruction of 50 per cent of high-level PCBs now in storage and accelerated destruction of stored low-level PCB waste.  All of this is to be achieved by the year 2000.  Under the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, the United States and Mexico are presently developing a Regional Action Plan for the sound management of PCBs in North America.
Although the manufacture of PCBs stopped in the late 1970s, 65% of the world's 1,200,000 tons of PCBs are still in use in electrical products, or deposited in landfill sites.  As of 1982, only 3% of PCBs in the US had been destroyed, with 140,000 tons in landfills and 70,000 tons in the environment (IJC, 1993).  In 1988, over 280,000 tons of PCBs were still in use in the US and over 16,000 tons of PCBs were in use in Canada, where another 12,000 tons were in storage.
PCBs are among the most ubiquitous chemicals in the Great Lakes ecosystem.  They are very persistent, accumulate rapidly in the food chain, and have been linked to health problems such as embryo mortality and wildlife deformities.  PCBs possess estrogenic activities, and can act as hormone mimics.
e mimics.
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solec 905
Mercury
Mercury is an industrial metal with a large number of uses ranging from slime prevention to electrical components.   It is still used in paints, switches, thermostats, batteries and some lights.  World mine production of mercury in 1989 ranged from 5,800 to 7,000 tones, and estimates of global annual emissions from anthropogenic sources vary between 11,000 and 20,000 tones (IJC, 1993).  Much of the mercury entering the Great Lakes results from the combustion of fossil fuels, particularly coal, which releases mercury as a vapor.  Atmospheric deposition is now a major source of mercury to the Great Lakes ecosystem.  
The pulp and paper industry (along with alkali production) contributed to the mercury pollution of the Great Lakes until the late 1970s when the use of mercury was banned from the industry. Subsequent clholalkali plants were shut down.  Mercury is also released from natural sources such as emissions from vegetation, forest fires, soils and water (IJC, 1993). Flooding of large areas of forest [such as during the construction of hydroelectric projects] causes the release of large quantities of mercury into the aquatic ecosystem.  Mercury is now used in increasing quantitites in parts of the Amazon Basin where prospectors pan for gold along small streams and tributaries. 
Mercury exists in many different forms (elemental, inorganic ion, and organic) which interconvert, each with different properties and toxicities. Mercury accumulates rapidly in fish, and can accumulate in the human brain, kidney and liver, and cause nervous system disorders (IJC, 1991).  At low background levels mercury is not a problem to animals, and birds are able to transfer mercury to their growing feathers which are eventually moulted.  At higher concentrations mercury is extremely toxic and concentrations of only 0.5 ppm in the eggs of birds of prey (e.g., osprey) can kill the developing embryo.  
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solec 091
Declines in total DDT (the sum of DDT plus metabolites) concentrations were noted in Lake Michigan lake trout as early as the 1970's.  DDT concentrations in Lake Michigan lake trout declined from 19.19 ug/g in 1970 to 1.39 ug/g in 1990 following the same pattern of decline that was observed for PCBs. DDT also declined significantly over the period of record in fish from lakes Superior, Huron, Ontario and Erie. DDT concentrations appear to have leveled off in Great Lakes fish in recent years.  Little significant change has been observed in DDT concentrations in lake trout from lakes Superior or Lake Michigan since the mid 1980s.  Similarly there has been little change in fish from Lake Erie since the early 1980s.  Only in Lake Huron lake trout is total DDT continuing to decline at approximately the same rate over the period of record.
DDT concentrations in fillets from Lake Michigan coho salmon follow the pattern observed for PCBs.  That is, statistically significant declines from 1980 through 1983, then statistically significant increases through 1992.  Levels of DDT in Lake Erie coho declined significantly from 1980 through 1984, after which there was no statistically significant change.  The strong correlation between trends in DDT and PCB suggests that changes in composition of the food web may be at least partly responsible for the lack of recent declines, and for observed increases in contaminant concentrations in the fish.
In spite of dramatic declines in DDT concentrations in Great Lakes fish, they still exceeded the IJC objective of 1.0 mg/g in Lake Michigan, and were very near the objective in Lake Ontario.rio.
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solec 002
Dieldrin
Dieldrin concentrations in Lake Michigan lake trout increased from a mean of 0.27 mg/g in 1970 to 0.58 m/g in 1979, then they declined to 0.17 m/g in 1986 and 0.18 mg/g in 1990. While concentrations varied between lakes, the pattern observed in Lake Michigan was also observed in Lakes Superior, Huron and Ontario, i.e., a general decline, but with peaks in 1979 and 1984.  In Lake Erie walleye, mean dieldrin concentrations decreased from 0.10 mg/g in 1977 to 0.04 mg/g in 1982, then increased to 0.07 mg/g in 1984, then declined again to 0.03 mg/g in 1990.  Between 1979 and 1990, mean dieldrin concentrations declined significantly in the top predator fish from lakes Michigan, Huron and Erie.  
Dieldrin concentrations are well below the IJC objective of 0.3 mg/g in whole fish.
solec003
YM_BeenHere
Toxaphene
Unlike PCBs and DDT, which are typically highest in lakes Michigan and Ontario and lowest in Lake Superior, toxaphene concentrations in lake trout are highest in the fish from lakes Michigan and Superior (1.91 mg/g and 1.27 mg/g, respectively, in 1990) and lowest in lakes Erie and Ontario.  It is currently the dominant contaminant in Lake Superior lake trout, and it is second to PCBs in Lake Michigan lake trout.  Significantly lower (<0.5 mg/g) concentrations were found in walleye and lake trout from lakes Erie
and Ontario.
While toxaphene in fish tissue has not been measured long enough to detect trends, limited sediment data suggest that toxaphene may not be declining in Lake Michigan and Superior. 
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solec 004
TCDD 
There has been substantial monitoring of Great Lakes fish for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 2,3,7,8-TCDF. However, with the exception of Lake Ontario, these parameters have not been routinely included in open lake trend monitoring programs because of the low concentrations and the high cost of analysis. Because the sampling location, age and size of fish analyzed vary between studies, the data can not be directly compared between years. However, the data sets are comparable across lakes within a given year, and the 1978 and 1988 data bases are comparable both between years and across lakes.
Lake Ontario lake trout have the highest concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and Lake Superior the lowest. Because data were collected using differing strategies, these data are of limited use in detecting trends. However, the 1978 and 1988 samples were collected and analyzed following similar protocols. The results suggest a basin wide decline between 1978 and 1988....
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2,3,7,8-TCDF concentrations were also measured in Great Lakes fish. Czuczwa and Hites (1986) suggest that the atmosphere is the primary route by which these chemicals reach the Great Lakes.  There is also evidence for localized sources, i.e., the high concentrations reported for Lake Ontario.  De Vault et al. (1989) also found evidence for both localized and broad homogeneous (probably atmospheric) sources of both dioxins and furans in Lake Michigan lake trout.  Localized sources were found to be impacting portions of Lake Michigan, possibly because of PCDFs associated with PCB contamination in Green Bay. Comparison of the 1978 and 1988 data suggest that TCDF concentrations declined in fish from all five Great Lakes during that time interval............erval....................
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solec 006
Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes Basin: 
Key Issues to Consider
Continuing Problems and Concerns
Concentrations of most toxic contaminants in the Great Lakes ecosystem have decreased substantially since the 1970s. However, contaminants are still present throughout the Great Lakes, often at levels above standards or guidelines.  Issues to consider:
       - Fish consumption restrictions continue in all of the Great Lakes.        
       
       - Hot spots of contaminated sediments remain.
       
       - Elevated levels of contaminants continue in fish and wildlife.
       
       - Deformities in wildlife continue to occur in localized areas
         such as Green Bay and Saginaw Bay.
       
       - Levels of contaminants appear to be leveling off in some
         fish and avian species. While these findings may be the result
         of changes in food webs, they bear further attention.
       
       - The source and chemistry of some contaminants, such as
         toxaphene, are not sufficiently understood to reduce or
         eliminate sources.                        m
solec 007
YM_BeenHere
Data collected in southeastern Lake Michigan provide insight into the history of PCB contamination.  PCB concentrations in Lake Michigan lake trout increased from 12.86 mg/g in 1972 to 22.91 mg/g in 1974.  Between 1974 and 1990, PCB concentrations declined, by nearly an order of magnitude, to 2.72 mg/g, approximating a first order decay  During the period 1977-1990, PCB concentrations declined significantly in lake trout in the Lakes Superior, Huron, and Ontario, and in walleye from Lake Erie, following the same general trend observed in Lake Michigan.  While there have been substantial declines in PCB concentration since the mid 1970s, concentrations have been relatively constant since the mid 1980s, with the exception of Lake Ontario, where declines continue through the most recent data available.
PCB trends in coho salmon fillets from Lake Michigan differ somewhat from those observed in lake trout.  PCB concentrations in coho fillets declined from 1.9 mg/g in 1980 to 0.38 mg/g in 1983, after which they increased steadily to 1.09 mg/g in 1992.  Coho salmon fillets from Lake Erie declined from 1.07 mg/g in 1980 to 0.53 mg/g in 1992.  In both lakes, the decline in PCB concentrations in the coho was statistically significant, as was the increase in Lake Michigan coho PCB concentrations.
The lack of recent decline in PCB concentrations (and DDT) in lake trout and their increase in coho salmon from Lake Michigan is problematic in light of continued declines in PCB concentrations in the water columns of Lakes Superior and Michigan.  PCB trends in lake trout from both Lake Michigan and Lake Superior followed trends observed in the water column very closely through the mid 1980s after which the rate of decline in fish began to slow or even stopped entirely.  Because top predators such as lake trout receive over 90 percent of their PCB burden through food, it is likely that the lack of decline in PCBs in lake trout and walleye, as well as the increases in coho, are the result of changes in the food chain.  The Great Lakes have been invaded by numerous exotic species, some of which have the potential to alter food chains in a manner which could affect contaminant transport to top predator fish species. If this is the case, concentrations of contaminants in the fish should begin to decline again, once the effect of the new species
has stabilized in the food chain.
While PCB concentrations in open lake fish have declined dramatically in response to regulatory activity, concentrations in top predator fish species from all lakes were still well above the IJC objective of 0.1 mg/g (in whole fish) in 1990............990..990.990.990.990..0....
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Total PCB Concentrations in lakes Superior and Michigan (mean ng/l).
Year  Lake Superior    	 Lake Michigan
1978	1.73
1979	4.04
1980	1.13		                 1.8
1983	0.80		
1986	0.56
1988	0.33
1990	0.32
1991	0.4
1992	0.18		                 0.2(1)
(1) USEPA, Great Lakes National Program Office, unpublished data
(4) USEPA, Great Lakes National Program Office, unpublished data
ffice, unpublished data
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solec table 10
2,3,7,8-TCDD Concentrations in whole lake trout from Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron and Ontario, and in walleye from Lake Erie, pg/g (*)
Year	Superior     Michigan            Huron	Erie   Ontario
1978 (1)      2.2	7.4		22.2	2.9	78.6
1984           1.0	4.7		  8.6	1.8	48.9
1988 (1)      Ld		2.8		19.7 	 Ld	22.1
1990           2.8	 Na		  Na	 Na	44.3
1992 (2)      2.3	2.9		  2.9	2.3	40.4
(*) Data are not comparable between years and the original reference should consulted prior to use.
Na=Not analyzed
Ld = below limit of detection
(1) USEPA, Great Lakes National Program Office, unpublished data.
(2) Fisheries and Oceans Canada, unpublished data....
(4) Fisheries and Oceans Canada, unpublished data.
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solec table 11
2,3,7,8-TCDF Concentrations in lake trout from Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron and Ontario, and in walleye from Lake Erie, pg/g.
                                              
Year		Superior	Michigan	Huron	Erie	Ontario
1978(1)	32.7		27		31.5	24.5	54.8
1984                14.8		39.5		22.8	11.3	18.5
1988(1)	  7.2		13.4		11.2	7.8	  8.9
1990     	20.7		  Na		 Na	 Na	72.1
1992 (2)	24.1		16.1		11.5	15.5	40.2
Na   Not analyzed.
(1) Great Lakes National Program Office, unpublished data
(2) Fisheries and Oceans Canada, unpublished data...)
(4) Fisheries and Oceans Canada, unpublished data..
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solec table 12
YM_BeenHere
Trends in 2,3,7,8 TCDD in whole lake trout have been monitored in
the waters of Lake Ontario since 1977 by Fisheries and Oceans
Canada. Results from this program indicate that there has been
little, if any change in mean 2,3,7,8 TCDD concentrations over the
period 1977 through 1992.
Year    	TCDD (pg/g)	Standard Error	Number of Samples
1977    	13.0		3.0		 2
1978    	32.5		1.5		 2
1979    	39.6		6.8		 9
1980		34.4		6.7		10
1981   		29.4		2.7		16
1982    	40.8	       10.6		 9
1983    	31.6		5.0		14
1984    	11.4		2.0		17
1985    	34.1		1.7		25
1986    	42.7		6.9		10
1987    	37.4		2.7		 7
1988    	53.1		3.9		17
1989    	34.0		3.3		16
1990    	44.3		3.1		18
1991    	40.3		4.9		13
1992    	49.9		5.7		12
Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
gulls
In the early 1970s, fish-eating birds (gulls, terns, cormorants, herons, etc.) on the Great Lakes suffered widespread reproductive failure, declining population levels and eggs with very thin shells.  These phenomena were largely attributed to high concentrations of toxic contaminants in their diet.  The Canadian Wildlife Service has been monitoring contaminants in herring gull eggs and in the adults since 1974.  This monitoring program provides important data on a terrestrial species which is closely tied to the aquatic food web.  Data for  representative colonies are presented here.  These data are a subset of a much larger data base.  
Between 1974 and 1993, the concentrations of PCBs and DDT/DDE declined significantly at most sites.  In eastern Lake Ontario, 2,3,7,8 TCDD declined significantly from the high concentrations observed in 1971 and 1972.  As was observed for fish tissue concentrations, most of the decrease in these compounds occurred between 1974 and the mid 1980s.  Since then the rate of decrease of these contaminants in gull eggs has been much slower.
Contaminant concentrations in herring gull eggs from around the Great Lakes in 1992 tended to follow a geographical distribution similar to that of top predator fish.  PCB concentrations in the eggs were generally higher in Lakes Erie and Ontario, although one site in Lake Huron contained the greatest concentrations. Concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and mirex were the highest in Lake Ontario eggs. 
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solec eh 01
Concepts of human illness and wellness are fairly well defined and familiar to most people.   Applying similar concepts to the entire ecosystem is possible, but not yet well defined, however, ecosystem health can be measured to some degree at various levels.  For example: populations can be measured as to age, size, reproductive success, incidence of disease, sickness and rate of death. Alternatively, health of individual organisms can be measured by biochemical, cellular, physiological or behavioural
characteristics. 
One expression of ecosystem health is that of ecosystem integrity, the term used in the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement.  The Agreement's stated purpose is  to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem.  While not precisely defined, integrity is understood to include the health of the constituent populations of the ecosystem, the biological diversity of the ecological communities, and the ecosystem's energetics and nutrient cycling. 
Ecosystem integrity includes both the health of living things and also the physical and chemical environment needed to support good health.  This stands in contrast to the physical, chemical and biological stresses which act to disrupt integrity and are usually the result of human activity.  
An essential concept in dealing with ecosystem health is that ecosystems and ecological communities are dynamic and exist within ranges of condition that reflect the various disturbances that occur in nature even without human activities.  They exist in balance with these disturbances and their composition changes through sequential states that tend toward stability and
increasingly complex interrelationships.  Mature and relatively stable communities tend to contain proportionately more organisms that are longer lived and have specialized and demanding habitat requirements.  The Great Lakes ecosystem was in this state before the coming of European settlers.....................................
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solec aq 02
Three indicators for measuring the health of aquatic communities were selected.  The first indicator  - the number of native species lost  - was rated as good/restored for Lake Superior, and mixed/improving for the other Lakes.  As compared to the other lakes, fewer aquatic species have been lost in Lake Superior because of the lower levels of development, industry and human population.  Even in the more disturbed Lakes, attempts to reintroduce depleted species of native predator fish such as walleye and lake trout have been partially successful.  One must bear in mind that even though species may be reintroduced, our reliance on hatchery reared fish results in a depletion of the genetic variability of stocked fish. 
The second indicator, the Lake Trout Dichotomous Key, provides a measure of how balanced the aquatic ecosystem is.  The Key is a complex index based on the scores from a series of questions relating to lake trout and their habitat.  The rationale for using lake trout as an indicator for ecosystem health is based upon their historical dominance in the Great Lakes and their biological characteristics this makes them a good surrogate indicator of
changes in aquatic ecosystem health.  Further discussion on this indicator can be found in the Aquatic Community Health Appendix. 
Using this indicator, Lake Superior rated as good/restored, Lakes Huron and Erie as mixed/improving, and Lakes Michigan and Ontario as poor.  While aquatic communities in all the lakes have been significantly disturbed and altered by over-  fishing, exotic species, habitat destruction, nutrient enrichment and persistent toxic substances, those in Lakes Michigan and Ontario are the most unstable.  
The third indicator for the state of aquatic communities is reproductive impairment.  This indicator is rated as mixed/improving in all the Lakes.  Exposure to a variety of environmental stresses including organochlorine compounds (some widespread, some local) caused reproductive problems for Great Lakes wildlife, especially aquatic birds.  In fact, various studies have identified contaminant-associated effects on 11 species of wildlife in the Great Lakes.  Affected species include fish-eating mammals (mink and otter), a reptile (snapping turtle), and fish-eating birds (double-crested cormorant, black-crowned night heron, bald eagle, herring and ring-billed gull, and caspian, common and Forster's tern).  All of these, except the ring-billed gull, have shown historical evidence of reproductive impairment due to contaminants.  In the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s severe effects were observed and populations of some aquatic bird species declined, often because of thinning of egg shells.  Population problems were often attributable to environmental contaminants, but in a few cases populations actually increased during times of high contaminant loadings, for example the population of ring-billed gulls increased during this time.  
With the reduction in loadings of persistent toxic contaminants such as DDT and PCBs, most of the fish-eating bird populations have recovered and populations of herring gulls, Caspian terns, black-crowned night herons and double-crested cormorants have become re-established in the Great Lakes.  However, problems such as birth defects or failure to reproduce have continued to occur in a small percentage of the population in local areas.  For example low rates of bill defects and other developmental abnormalities were seen through the 1980s in cormorant populations in areas of high
contamination.  This suggests that the birds were still being exposed to excessive amounts of PCBs and other organochlorines from the fish in these hot spots.  It is worth noting that the "background" frequency of deformities, as determined from Western Canada bird populations, does not differ significantly from the frequency of deformities in most other areas of the Great Lakes. 
The reproductive success of breeding eagles eating Great Lakes fish remains lower than that of those nesting inland.  However, recovery of the bald eagle is likely to be limited by the absence of appropriate habitat, and may be limited by food supply.  Over 80% of the Lake Erie shoreline, and substantial portions of the shorelines of Lakes Ontario, Michigan and Huron are no longer suitable habitat for the bald eagle because of agriculture, urban
sprawl and other human disturbances. 
Mink and otter have also shown the effects of exposure to contaminants.  Both live in wetland habitat near the shorelines and consume Great Lakes fish in their diets.  Mink diet consists mainly of other mammals but is supplemented by birds, fish and invertebrates.  They are one of the most sensitive mammals to PCBs, causing reproductive problems and death.  Otters may not be as sensitive to these chemicals however they may be exposed to higher levels than mink because their diet consists mainly of fish. Trends in mink populations have followed those of fish-eating birds; the population began to decline in the mid 1950s and was lowest in the early 1970s but have recovered somewhat in the 1980s. Data for otter populations have not shown the same trends, however they do have a lower rate of reproduction and therefore, slower recovery.  Mink and otter could serve as biological indicators of the levels of PCBs in the shoreline wetlands habitats of the Great Lakes basin.  Thriving populations would indicate the virtual elimination of PCBs from their environment. 
While exposure of the aquatic community to most known toxic contaminants is declining, the effect of chronic exposure to low concentrations of persistent toxic substances remains uncertain. Over all, the status of aquatic communities is assessed as mixed/improving.  This is based on modest recovery resulting from pollution control since the 1970s..............................................................................................
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solec aq 01
Compared to their chemical, physical and biological integrity 400 years ago, the Great Lakes have changed drastically.  The devastating loss of biological diversity and subsequent establishment of non-indigenous (exotic) populations is the most striking indication of degradation of the Great Lakes.  At least 17 historically important fish species have become depleted or have
been extirpated (eliminated) from one or more of the Lakes. Amplifying this loss of species diversity is the loss of genetic diversity of surviving species.  For example, prior to 1950, Canadian waters of Lake Superior supported 259 distinct stocks of lake trout, including some 20 river spawning stocks.  Many of these stocks are now extirpated, including all of the river spawners. The loss of genetic diversity of lake trout from the other Lakes is even more alarming, with complete extirpation of lake trout from Lakes Michigan, Erie and Ontario and only one or two remnant stocks in Lake Huron. 
Contributing to this loss of diversity has been a succession of invasions and deliberate releases of exotic (non-indigenous) aquatic species.  Some 139 non-indigenous aquatic species have become established in the Great Lakes since the 1880s.  Species that have established substantial populations include: sea lamprey; alewife; smelt; gizzard shad; white perch; carp; brown trout; chinook, coho and pink salmon; rainbow trout; and round goby. To this list can be added more recent imports such as the zebra and quagga mussel, ruffe, rudd, fourspine stickleback and others, and plant species such as purple loosestrife.  Together, these species have had a dramatic and cumulative effect on the structure of the aquatic community in the Great Lakes. 
Exotic species may impact native organisms in a variety of ways ranging from direct predation or competition for food, to disruption of food chains or habitat.  Whatever themechanism of impact, the continuing presence of these non-indigenous species poses substantial problems for the rehabilitation and maintenance of native species associations. 
This loss of biodiversity and the establishment of non-indigenous
populations in the Great Lakes has been little short of catastrophic.  The history of the Great Lakes and the collapse of its commercial fisheries offer dramatic examples of the effects of over- fishing, habitat loss, pollution and exotic species.  Native top predators, once dominated by lake trout, have been replaced by hatchery-reared imports.  Many species of Great Lakes fish have been extirpated or are severely depleted due to human activities, mostly over-fishing.  These depletions are also accompanied by the fundamental loss of genetic diversity among surviving species.  U.S. and Canadian government stocking programs, to reintroduce lake trout and non-native salmonid predators to the Great Lakes, have resulted in the development of highly successful sports fisheries providing a wide range of species for anglers.  However, they rely heavily on continued stocking and the stability of fish communities and fisheries are not predictable at this time......................................
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solec aq 03
YM_BeenHere
With the reduction in loadings of persistent toxic contaminants such as PCBs, most of the fish-eating bird populations have recovered and populations of herring gulls, Caspian terns, black-crowned night herons and double-crested cormorants have become re-established in the Great Lakes.  However, problems such as birth defects or failure to reproduce have continued to occur in a small percentage of the population in local areas.  For example low rates of bill defects and other developmental abnormalities were seen through the 1980s in cormorant populations in areas of high
contamination.  This suggests that the birds were still being exposed to excessive amounts of PCBs and other organochlorines from the fish in these hot spots.  It is worth noting that the "background" frequency of deformities, as determined from Western Canada bird populations, does not differ significantly from the frequency of deformities in most other areas of the Great Lakes. 
The reproductive success of breeding eagles eating Great Lakes fish remains lower than that of those nesting inland.  However, recovery of the bald eagle is likely to be limited by the absence of appropriate habitat, and may be limited by food supply.  Over 80% of the Lake Erie shoreline, and substantial portions of the shorelines of Lakes Ontario, Michigan and Huron are no longer suitable habitat for the bald eagle because of agriculture, urban
sprawl and other human disturbances. 
Mink and otter have also shown the effects of exposure to contaminants.  Both live in wetland habitat near the shorelines and consume Great Lakes fish in their diets.  Mink diet consists mainly of other mammals but is supplemented by birds, fish and invertebrates.  They are one of the most sensitive mammals to PCBs, causing reproductive problems and death.  Otters may not be as sensitive to these chemicals however they may be exposed to higher levels than mink because their diet consists mainly of fish. Trends in mink populations have followed those of fish-eating birds; the population began to decline in the mid 1950s and was lowest in the early 1970s but have recovered somewhat in the 1980s.  Data for otter populations have not shown the same trends, however they do have a lower rate of reproduction and therefore, slower recovery. Mink and otter could serve as biological indicators of the levels of PCBs in the shoreline wetlands habitats of the Great Lakes basin.  Thriving populations would indicate the  virtual
elimination  of PCBs from their environment. 
While exposure of the aquatic community to most known toxic contaminants is declining, the effect of chronic exposure to low concentrations of persistent toxic substances remains uncertain. Over all, the status of aquatic communities is assessed as mixed/improving.  This is based on modest recovery resulting from pollution control since the 1970s...............................................
solec ah 01
YM_BeenHere
The degradation and loss of habitat is a major stress upon aquatic communities. Habitat in general constitutes the entire ambient environment, including physical, chemical and biological aspects. The habitat that is important to any one species is the portion of the environment that significantly affects its survival during each of its life stages. Our emphasis is on aquatic habitat directly associated with the Great Lakes. Upland habitat is addressed wherever it is of concern as it impacts the aquatic ecosystem. 
Wetlands, tributaries, connecting channels, open lakes and near shore areas of the Great Lakes each play a vital role in ecosystem function.  The ultimate health of the Great Lakes ecosystem is strongly dependent on the health, availability and capacity of these components. 
Basin-wide data on the quality and quantity of aquatic habitats are scarce and fragmented, and the best information that exists is for wetlands.  A U.S. National Wetlands Inventory is now being developed which is mapping wetlands survey information, on the basis of drainage basins.  Environment Canada, in cooperation with other agencies and groups is gathering habitat-related information through a number of programs.  Notwithstanding these initiatives, quantifying habitat status remains largely descriptive and anecdotal, and there are no accepted basin- wide classification systems that integrate all aquatic habitat types and allow habitat health to be easily measured. 
Aquatic habitats function in many important ways. They play a vital role in nutrient cycling, uptake and transfer.  They are among the most productive of systems in terms of the growth of photosynthetic organisms (the assimilation of energy by plants).  Aquatic habitats help to maintain water quality and regulate water flows and levels.  They play important, sometimes very specific roles in the life cycles of mammalian, aquatic and avian species,
providing areas for spawning, nesting, rearing, foraging and sheltering.  Aquatic habitats, and the species that live within them, provide the basis for a significant proportion of the total biodiversity of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem.  Amongst all types of aquatic habitats, the inshore zone (and its wetlands) ranks highest in terms of performing these functions. 
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of adequate and diverse aquatic habitat for healthy aquatic communities it is simply the most basic building block of ecosystem health.  Without adequate habitat in which to spawn, breed, nest, stopover, forage and hide, many species of fish and wildlife cannot survive.  In Lakes Ontario and Michigan, and to a lesser extent in Huron and Superior,  stocking of predators obscures the effects of degraded habitat. The lack of spawning areas, for example, becomes less obvious at
least in terms of fish production.  In highly polluted areas of the Great Lakes, fish communities may have at least partially compensated for these effects by restructuring and replacing missing tributary- dependent stocks.  Lack of basin-wide data on the amount and quality of aquatic habitat is a major barrier to measuring habitat health, quantifying habitat status, and
rehabilitating aquatic communities.  Ensuring the health of aquatic habitats and wetlands is a priority concern for ecosystem health in the basin, and will require a greater share of resources than it has been receiving to date. 
Stress on aquatic community health caused by loss and degradation of physical habitat is pervasive throughout the Great Lakes ecosystem, but is most notable in the near shore and wetland areas.  These habitats exist in a relatively narrow band along the shores and it is these highly diverse and biologically complex areas that contain unique assemblages of organisms and provide food and shelter for many species during sensitive reproductive and juvenile stages.  The highly productive shallow water habitats are
particularly crucial to forage fish and wading birds. 
In deep water pelagic areas the loss of habitat quality is not well documented, but sedimentation is probably impacting the benthic community and may be impairing some spawning areas.  Anoxia in the hypolimnion (colder bottom layer) of the central basin of Lake Erie is still affecting the benthic community there, although nutrient control has reduced the area affected.  For Lake Erie some anoxia may be a naturally occurring phenomenon.  In shallower areas such as western Lake Erie and other near shore areas, the benthic communities were severely impacted by pollutants and sedimentation. Most of these areas are showing signs of recovery. 
In the shallow littoral zone, characterized by the presence of rooted aquatic vegetation, aquatic communities have suffered large losses in area and in the quality of the areas that remain. Destruction and degradation of the nearshore habitat has been caused by a variety of factors, but primarily by draining, sedimentation, filling, and invasion by exotic species such as
carp.  Similarly in the tributaries and associated wetlands, aquatic communities have been degraded or lost due to those same stresses.  Further loss of habitat has been caused not by actual destruction, but by isolation from lakes by dams and dykes.  Lastly, degradation has occurred because of changes in timing and duration of inundation and drying because of  changes in river flows and regulation of lake levels.  These changes destroy aquatic communities that have evolved with cycles established over many centuries. 
The quality of chemical habitat has been degraded first by oxygen depletion and then by excess nutrients and eutrophication. This has been followed by contamination by bioaccumulative persistent toxic substances as well as by non-persistent toxic substances..............................................................................................
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solec ah 02
YM_BeenHere
	^	The first indicator selected for the state of aquatic habitat and wetlands is the loss of habitat (both in terms of quality and quantity) which was given a rating of poor.  Loss of wetlands in the U.S., loss of coastal wetlands in Ontario, and loss of brook trout habitat in the Lower Lakes were all considered evidence of poor conditions.  Wetland losses, in particular, have been significant across the basin.  Studies show that in some areas up to 100% of coastal wetlands in Lakes Ontario, Erie, Michigan and St. Clair have been lost to development.  Losses of total wetlands (including both coastal and inland wetlands) have been staggering.  Sixty percent of the original wetlands in the Great Lakes basin states have been lost since the 1780s; in Ontario, south of the Precambrian Shield, wetland losses have been estimated to be as high as 80%.  While losses continue, current rates of loss are unknown, as are rates of impairment.  In many cases, wetlands may still appear to exist but may be functionally degraded through siltation, nearby development, the introduction of foreign plants and animals, and other stresses.  Few data exist on the magnitude of losses for other critical habitats such as rocky shoals, sheltered bays, estuaries and tributaries. In contrast, the indicator for loss of brook trout stream habitat in the Upper Lakes was rated good/restored.  Fewer cold water streams have been lost and degraded in the Upper Lakes basins because of the lower degree of urbanization and human disturbance.
A second indicator encroachment and development of wetlands was also rated as poor.  This reflects the continuing loss and degradation of wetlands basin-wide due to urban development, recreational uses, agriculture and other forms of encroachment.
The third indicator selected considered gains in habitat and wetlands through protection, enhancement and restoration efforts.  There are various international, national and state/provincial policies and programs for habitat/wetlands protection, some of which rate quite high in results. However, the net effect of protection, enhancement and restoration is considered to be poor since programs are not keeping up with habitat
losses.  An example of a program producing good results is the North American Waterfowl Management Plan which has resulted in the protection of over 17,500 hectares of wetlands in the basin.
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solec pts 01
To measure the impact of persistent toxic contaminant stressors,
three indicators were selected: loadings of persistent toxic
contaminants, levels of chemical contaminants in fish and levels in
herring gulls.  Each of these indicators is considered as
mixed/improving.  Levels of persistent toxic contaminants have been
reduced substantially since 1970.  As to reductions in loadings of
persistent toxic substances, detailed figures are not available
basin-wide, but the ecosystem response over time can be seen in
declining contaminant concentrations in waters, sediments, fish and
wildlife as illustrated. Levels of organochlorine contaminants in
the tissues of top predator and forage fish declined significantly
from the late 1970s to mid 1980s but have shown a slower rate of
decline more recently.  Despite this overall trend, during the late
1980s, in some areas, particularly in Lake Ontario, levels of some
of these contaminants increased in some fish.  On the other hand,
from the late 1970s to the  mid 1980s, concentrations of heavy
metals showed little change.  Regardless of the general downward
trend, levels of persistent toxic contaminants in certain fish
species in some areas continue to be high enough to restrict
consumption by humans. 
 One possible cause of these continuing high  levels is that
contaminant concentrations in  
Fish are influenced by changes in food which varies in
availability and contaminant content.  As a result, changes in
contaminant levels in fish may be influenced by shifts in feeding
behaviour by the fish or elsewhere in the food web. 
The herring gull has become an indicator of contaminant trends in
the Great Lakes.  As permanent residents, adult herring gulls offer
a monitoring opportunity to detect regional variability in
contaminant stress that is not complicated by migratory patterns
characteristic of other fish-eating bird species.  Monitoring of
reproductive successes at various sites first began on Lakes Erie
and Ontario in the early 1970s and in 1975 for Lakes Superior and
Huron by the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS).  Depressed
productivity levels of herring gulls have not been found at most of
the sites on Lakes Huron and Superior since 1975.  However, on the
more populated and contaminated lakes, reproductive success was low
in the early 1970s and has improved since.  From 1974 onward,
organochlorine residues in herring gull eggs have generally
declined from higher levels in the early 1970s. 
Chemical residues in herring gull eggs have been monitored by the
CWS since 1974.  All the chemicals routinely monitored since then
(including PCBs, DDT/DDE, mirex, dieldrin and HCB) have shown a
statistically significant decrease at more than 80% of the sites
sampled.  Chemicals monitored later in the program, such as
oxy-chlordane, photo- mirex, and 2,3,7,8-TCDD, have also shown
significant decreases.  The greatest decrease observed occurred
between 1974 and 1981; since then the rate of decrease has slowed
and levelled off.  In 1991-1992, increases in the level of certain
contaminants have been noted in some locations.  The reasons for
this apparent increase are not known, and may be linked to changes
in diet due to changes in the food web.  Over all, contaminant
levels have shown good response to control programs although the
rate of response has slowed.  However, it is important to recognize
that although large percentage reductions have been achieved in
comparison to peak levels, for many contaminants, an additional ten
fold reduction is needed to reach acceptable levels of risk.  Also,
as more is learned about long term exposure and endocrine effects,
even lower levels may be required to reach acceptable risk....
solec nut 01
Although eutrophication is no longer a problem in the Great Lakes
on a lake-wide basis, it continues to occur in local areas and has
a moderate impact on aquatic communities.  This is particularly of
concern in bays, coastal marshes and inland wetlands.  Nutrient
enrichment causes excess growth of algae which depletes the oxygen
needed to sustain other forms of aquatic life.  Algae also create
turbidity which can limit penetration of sunlight to the extent
that rooted plants are impaired. 
 Four indicators used to measure nutrient stresses were rated. 
Three were rated as good/restored.  The first of which is total
phosphorus loadings; currently GLWQA targets have been achieved in
Lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan and in Lakes Erie and Ontario
are at or near their target loads.  The second is total phosphorus
concentrations in open water; GLWQA objectives were achieved by
1990 in all lakes then fluctuated near the limit for Lake Erie
during 1991-92.  The third "good/restored" rating was given to an
indicator measuring the levels of chlorophyll a in the Lower Lakes
which is a surrogate for the productivity of the system (the amount
of algae growth).  The low level of chlorophyll a found today is
consistent with the GLWQA objective for these Lakes of "reduction
in the present level of algal biomass to a level below that of a
nuisance condition".  However eutrophication and/or undesirable
algae continue to present problems in 21 of the 42 Areas of Concern
(AOCs). 
 The fourth indicator   levels of dissolved oxygen in Lake Erie's
bottom waters   was considered mixed/improving.  Oxygen levels in
Lake Erie's bottom waters are much better than they were twenty
years ago.  Notwithstanding this, and despite phosphorus loading
reductions, periods of  anoxia (lack of oxygen) were still occurring
from 1987 to 1991 in the late summer in some areas of the central
basin.  This continued anoxia may be related to the continuing
release of phosphorus from old bottom sediments, or, it may be that
intermittent anoxia is an inherent property of Lake Erie's central
basin. 
 Another nutrient that is monitored in the Great Lakes is
nitrate-plus-nitrite.  Levels have been increasing over the past
two decades, especially in Lake Ontario.  Major sources of nitrogen
to the Lakes includes agricultural runoff, municipal sewage
treatment plants and atmospheric deposition.  The concentrations
currently found in open lake waters do not create a public health
concern because they are at least 20 times lower that the guideline
for drinking water (10mg/L), however, monitoring will continue as
warranted.
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solec hh 01
YM_BeenHere
 Because human health reflects the effects of stresses of many
kinds from many sources, direct measurement of the effect of any
one stress or category of stress is extremely difficult and costly. 
As a result, most indicators of human health are expressed in terms
of health risks attributable to various stresses.  A number of
factors make it difficult to establish a link between environmental
contaminants and human health effects.  These include: 
      the continuous nature of exposure over many years to low
      levels of contaminants; 
      exposure to mixtures rather than individual compounds; 
      the large number (and in some cases poor definition) of health
      effect endpoints to be examined, and the difficulty of
      measuring some effects; 
      experimental design problems, including the inability, in some
      cases, to obtain adequate sample sizes and measurements that
      are suitably sensitive and specific to detect      changes; 
      dose-response questions; 
      accurate exposure assessment; and 
      confounding variables that may hinder research studies. 
 Environmental contaminants are only one category of factors that
affect human health.  Other factors include nutrition, adequate
shelter, genetic make up, exposure to bacterial or viral disease
agents, lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking and fitness,
social well-being and others.
solec hh 02
During this century, waterborne infectious illnesses became rare in the Great Lakes basin, owing to effective treatment of drinking water and sewage by chlorination.  Prior to the treatment of drinking water, illnesses such as typhoid fever ansd cholera could affect a significant proportion of an urban population.  For example, in 1854, Chicago experienced a cholera epidemic in which five percent of the population perished.  In 1891 the death rate in Chicago due to typhoid fever reached a high of 124 per 100,000 people.    
A modern  example of microbial problems is the protozoan Cryptosporidium. 
Its presence in drinking water, caused over one hundred fatalities and 
4,000 people to be hospitalized in the Milwaukee area in 1993.  A smaller outbreak of Cryptospordiosis occurred in Collingwood, Ontario, in 1996.ed over one hundred fatalities
and 400,000 people to become ill in the Milwaukee area in 1993......
solec hh 04
YM_BeenHere
In the past, health researchers and public policy-makers have
tended to focus on dramatic episodes accompanied by obvious health
effects such as massive spills of chemicals, or smog episodes, and
on the most serious kinds of health effects such as cancer.  Recent
scientific evidence, however, based mostly on observations in
animals, raises concerns that exposure to low levels of certain
contaminants may cause subtle reproductive, developmental and
physiological effects that may go easily unnoticed, but which in
the long term may lead to serious cumulative damage.  This includes
such effects as immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, subtle pre- and postnatal developmental effects, and decreased fertility.  In trying to assess the effects of contaminants on human health, the U.S. and Canadian governments have moved to use a "weight of evidence" approach which relies on information from many sources, including data on animals
as well as humans.  This allows educated guesses to be made which
can then be tested through appropriate long- term medical and
scientific studies.....................
solec hh 05
The health of the human population of the basin has improved
dramatically since the early pioneering days, as measured by
longevity, or in the incidence of fatal or crippling infectious
diseases such as poliomyelitis or typhoid fever.  However, much of
that improvement is the result of improvements in sanitation,
vaccines and drinking water disinfection.  On the other hand, there
have been slow, but steady increases in the incidence of certain
cancers and respiratory illnesses, and we do not know whether, or
to what extent, the many environmental contaminants contribute to
these and other human diseases.  In addition, there are indications
that certain kinds of chemical contaminants may interfere with the
reproduction and development of animals and humans.  These and
other signs of possible subtle environmental contaminants on human
health need further investigation. 
solec se 01
YM_BeenHere
 Growth of the North American economy followed the arrival of
European people with their intensive agriculture, urbanization and
exotic fauna and flora.  The effects of this growth has been a
significant disruption of the ecosystem.  Conversion of native
forests and prairies to agriculture had an immense impact on the
native fauna and flora throughout the region.  Urbanization with
its intensive land uses and transportation facilities provided
further impacts.  Today's continuing urban sprawl adds to the
stress on the ecosystem.  On the other hand, the strength of the
economy provides the resources and potential to restore and
maintain the integrity of the ecosystem. 
 Historically the Great Lakes and their tributaries provided access
and transportation for development of a major portion of the inland
area of the North American continent.  The agricultural and mineral
wealth of the region then fuelled the development of an economy
that included a major concentration of iron and steel production
and metal fabricating.  This in turn spawned a large cluster of
durable goods manufacturing.  Machinery, transportation and other
equipment, appliances, construction materials and motor vehicles
became manufacturing mainstays. 
 Industries of the Great Lakes region today continue to rely on
water.  Water use in manufacturing is concentrated in 5 sectors:
steel production, food processing, petroleum refining, chemicals
and the paper industry.  Although industrial water use is now
declining, water from the Great Lakes supplies more than
three-quarters of the industrial demand in the basin. 
 The Great Lakes basin represents nearly 11% of total employment
and 15% of manufacturing employment for the two nations.  However,
the economy of the region has slowed in recent decades and has been
shifting away from its historic concentration in manufacturing. 
From 1970 to 1990 the basin lost nearly 21% of its manufacturing
jobs.  In contrast, total manufacturing jobs throughout Canada
increased by 22% and held nearly steady throughout the U.S. with a
0.3% gain.  This has caused a dramatic redistribution of employment
within the basin.  During this same time period service sector jobs
have increased by just over 100% with more than 2 million jobs
added in the basin. 
 The regional economy is strongly integrated and is the largest
such binational relationship in the world.  Trade between Canada
and the eight Great Lakes States in 1992 was valued at $148 billion
Can. ($106 billion U.S.), or 56.2% of the U.S.   Canada total. 
Three-fifths of this was in autos, auto parts and engines.  On a
national scale, Canada accounts for one-fifth of U.S. trade and in
turn the U.S. receives two-thirds of Canada's exports.+
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solec se 02
Population within the region is distributed unevenly and is
concentrated in metropolitan areas.  Approximately three-quarters
of the population is concentrated in the Lake Michigan and Lake
Erie basins.  Another one-fifth is in the Lake Ontario basin and
the remaining tenth in the Huron and Superior basins. 
 The majority of the population is located within the 17 largest
metropolitan areas most of which are on the shores of the Lakes. 
Six areas contain 75% of Canada's population and 11 contain 81% of
the U.S. basin population.  Total population of the Great Lakes
basin is approximately 33 million, although estimates can vary
depending on how much of the Chicago metropolitan area population
is included based upon current or historic watershed boundaries. 
 Population growth in the recent decades has slowed.  While the
combined population of the U.S. and Canada grew by 22% from 1970 to
1990, rising from 225 million to 275 million, the binational
population of the Great Lakes basin grew by less than 1%.  Ontario,
with more than a third of Canada's population, has been gaining
population nearly twice as fast as the Great Lakes states but its
rate of growth is also slowing.  By 1990, the Great Lakes states'
population increased by only 1.7% since 1970 whereas Ontario's 1991
population increased by 31% from 1971.  However, within the basins'
relatively static picture, substantial redistribution of population
is taking place causing significant impact on the ecosystem.  While
both central city and rural areas have been losing population,
suburban areas have been growing rapidly, often drawn to "coastal
amenities" along the shores of the Lakes.  Industry and service
business development have been decentralizing from built-up city
locales to suburban-exurban fringe areas and connecting corridors
between metropolitan areas.  Land and water availability, lower
wage scales, transportation access, proximity to new residential
markets and other cost/service factors are propelling this kind of
sprawl. 
 The most significant population and related development issue in
the Great Lakes basin and surrounding region is the continuing
growth of major metropolitan areas and the virtually uncontrolled
sprawl of lower density residential and other development.  The
detrimental consequences of these trends are well known.  Increased
water and air pollution generation, higher transportation and
residential energy use, increasing encroachment on agricultural
lands and natural areas, higher housing costs, disinvestment in
older communities and social disruption and burdensome
infrastructure requirements portend a more difficult, if not
unsustainable, future for the Great Lakes basin ecosystem. 
However, the escalating cost of extending utilities and other basic
urban services to these lower density regions may ultimately slow
the process and stimulate a more sustainable pattern.  One of the
challenges in attaining more sustainable forms of development is
the lack of accurate and visible cost accounting showing the real
cost to society of allowing suburban sprawl.  A new land
stewardship ethic would rely more on intensification of development
within prescribed boundaries and existing infrastructure capacity
as is done in some other countries.
solec se 03
YM_BeenHere
 The Great Lakes basin, with more than 260,000 square kilometres (100,000 square miles) of navigable water and 16,926 kilometres (10,579 miles) of shoreline, anchors an important and growing coastal recreation industry.  The recreational boating industry is represented by boat manufacturers and retailers, marina operators, marine business suppliers as well as millions of recreational boaters and anglers.  For the Great Lakes it is estimated that between 900,000 and 1 million U.S. and Canadian
boats operate each year with a direct spending impact of more than
$2.8 billion Can. ($2 billion U.S.).  With a strong connection to
boating, Great Lakes sport fishing is a major part of regional
fishing activity.  U.S. federal surveys projected 2.55 million U.S.
anglers fished in the Great Lakes in 1991 and had total
trip-related and equipment sales expenditures of $1.86 billion Can.
($1.33 billion U.S.).  Expenditures per angler were calculated at
about $700 Can. ($500 U.S.) for the year. 
 Economic activity produces both stresses on the ecosystem and the
means to address or mitigate them, so economic indicators should be
viewed from that perspective. 
solec se 04
YM_BeenHere
Two economic indicators were rated as poor: infrastructure
investment; and loss of agricultural land and urban development. 
Public infrastructure includes roads, sewers and water supply
systems.  This rating reflects the continuing low levels of
government investment in basic infrastructure.  An exception is the
approximately of some $14 billion Can. ($10 billion U.S.) in sewage
treatment plant construction and sewer system upgrades in both
countries during the past two decades as a direct result of the
GLWQA.  A poor rating was also given to land use changes because of
the continuing trend to urban sprawl and the loss of agricultural
land. 
solec se 05
YM_BeenHere
Four economic indicators were rated as mixed/deteriorating  
employment; research and development; personal income; and
population growth and stability.  For the years 1970 to 1990,
employment growth in the basin lagged behind that experienced
overall by the U.S. and Canada. During this period, total U.S.
employment grew at 53% while employment in the U.S. side of the
basin grew at only 25%.  Similarly, total Canadian employment
during this time period grew at 15%, while employment in the
Canadian side of the basin grew by only 6%.  Research and
development are measures of technological innovation, an area that
has recently faltered in the manufacturing industry.  However, the
emergence of a substantial "environmental industry" sector
including resource conservation, pollution remediation and
reduction technology and other goods and services intended to help
the economy reduce its negative impact on the physical and social
environment, may soon see this indicator change to a
mixed/improving rating. 
 In recent years, personal income growth in the basin has slowed
substantially, reflecting the loss of manufacturing jobs and
increase in service sector employment.  From 1970 to 1980, personal
income in the basin grew by 140%; that for 1980 to 1990 grew at
only 83%. 
solec se 06
YM_BeenHere
 Four other indicators pollution prevention, adoption of a stewardship approach, water conservation, and per capita energy use were rated as mixed/improving, reflecting changing public attitudes towards resource conservation and sustainable development.  Increasing public concern about environmental issues and aggressive environmental regulation have focused attention on environment-economy linkages and on the concept of sustainable development.  Strategies for a sustainable future must try to correct the past imbalance between the economy and the environment, and apply ecosystem management principles and sustainable development policies in the future.  Recognition of economic-environmental linkages in resource management and protection is increasing throughout the Great Lakes basin.  However, the leap between the concept of sustainable development and its application is a formidable one. 
solec ls 01
 Lake Superior is the largest of the Great Lakes in both surface
and volume.  It is also the deepest and coldest of the five.  In
volume Superior could contain all the other Great Lakes and three
more Lake Eries.  Among the freshwater lakes of the world, Lake Superior is
the largest in area.  In volume, it is the third largest in the world.  Because of its size, Superior has a retention time of 173 years.  Retention time is a measure of the volume of water in the Lake and the average rate of flow out of the lake.  
 The basin population is approximately 740,000 which is 2% of the
total for the Great Lakes basin.  Approximately 75% of the Lake
Superior population lives within the U.S.  The population and
industrial base are small, and most of the Superior basin is
forested with little agriculture because of the cool climate and
poor soils.  Relatively small quantities of pollutants enter Lake
Superior directly, except through airborne deposition.......................................................
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lo fish
Upper Niagara R. (Fort		Freshwater Drum,		Rainbow Trout,
Erie)				Smallmouth Bass,		White Sucker,
				Yellow Perch,			Rainbow Smelt
				White Bass, Rock Bass,
				Redhorse Sucker,
				Northern Pike, Carp,
				Large Mouth Bass,
				Brown Bullhead
        
Lower Niagara River		Smallmouth Bass,		Chinook Salmon,
				Yellow Perch,			Rainbow Trout,
				White Perch,			Lake Trout,
				White Bass,			White Sucker,
				Channel Catfish,		American Eel,
				Freshwater Drum,		Rainbow Smelt
				Brown Bullhead,
				Rock Bass, Redhorse
				Sucker, Carp
Western Lake Ontario	            Northern Pike,			Chinook Salmon,
				Smallmouth Bass,		Coho Salmon,
				Yellow Perch,			Rainbow Trout,
				White Perch,			Brown Trout,
				White Bass,			Lake Trout, Walleye,
				Channel Catfish,		Rainbow Smelt	
				Freshwater Drum,
				Carp, Brown Bullhead
Hamilton Harbour		Yellow Perch,			Brown Trout,
				White Perch,			White Sucker,
				White Bass,			Rainbow Smelt
				Brown Bullhead,
				Channel Catfish.
				Freshwater Drum,
				Carp, Black Crappie			
Toronto Offshore Area		Carp				Brown Trout,
(Clarkson Harbour to						Lake Trout
Scarborough Bluffs)						Chinook Salmon,
								Yellow Perch,
								White Sucker
Toronto Waterfront Area	Northern Pike,			Chinook Salmon,
				Largemouth Bass,		White Sucker,
				Yellow Perch,			Rainbow Smelt,
				White Perch,			Brown Trout,
				Brown Bullhead,		Lake Trout
				Carp, Rock Bass, 
				Pumpkinseed, Blue Gill
Credit River							Chinook Salmon,
(spawning runs)						Coho Salmon,
								Rainbow Trout,
								Brown Trout
Northwestern Lake		Smallmouth Bass,		Chinook Salmon,
Ontario				White Bass,			Rainbow Trout,
				Brown Bullhead		Brown Trout,
								Lake Trout, Walleye,
								Gizzard Shad,
								Rainbow Smelt
Frenchman Bay		Northern Pike,			Yellow Perch,
				Brown Bullhead, Carp
Whitby Harbour		Northern Pike,			White Sucker
				Brown Bullhead
Ganaraska River						Chinook Salmon, Coho
(spawning runs)						Salmon, Rainbow Trout,
								Brown Trout, Lake Trout
Northeastern Lake		Smallmouth Bass,		Chinook Salmon,
Ontario				Rock Bass			Rainbow Trout, Lake Trout,
								Walleye, American Eel
								Brown Trout
Upper Bay of Quinte		Northern Pike,			Walleye, American Eel,
				Smallmouth Bass,		White Sucker
				Largemouth Bass,
				Yellow Perch,
				White Perch, 
				Freshwater Drum, 
				Pumpkinseed,
				Channel Catfish
                                                Brown Bullhead
Middle Bay of Quinte		Northern Pike,			Walleye,
				Yellow Perch,			White Sucker,
				White Perch,			American Eel,
				Brown Bullhead,		Gizzard Shad
				Pumpkinseed
Lower Bay of Quinte		Northern Pike,			Chinook Salmon,
Eastern Lake Ontario		Smallmouth Bass,		Brown Trout, Lake Trout,
				Yellow Perch,			Walleye, American Eel,
				White Perch,			White Sucker, Whitefish
				Rock Bass,
				Freshwater Drum
Species and locales in the Lake Ontario basin for which sport fish consumption advisories have been issued by the Province of Ontario for 1997/98 
Location			Near Shore Species	Offshore Species    
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Border	/ Pie Island                               			Lake Trout, Walleye,
								Whitefish, White Sucker
Thunder Bay			Northern Pike,			Chinook Salmon,
Outer Harbour area						Lake Trout, Walleye,
								Whitefish, Round Whitefish,
								White Sucker, Longnose
								Sucker
Thunder Bay			Northern Pike,			Walleye,
Inner Harbour Area		Carp,				White Sucker,
                                                                                                Longnose Sucker
Black Bay Area						Chinook Salmon,
								Lake Trout. Whitefish,
								White Sucker
Pie Island/Schreiber						Lake Trout, Whitefish
Point Area							Round Whitefish,
								White Sucker, Longnose
								Sucker, Siscowet
Nipigon Bay							Chinook Salmon,
								Rainbow Trout,
								Lake Trout
Schreiber Point/Sewell					Walleye,
Point Area							Round Whitefish,
								White Sucker, Cisco
Jackfish Bay							Lake Trout,	
								Whitefish, Round Whitefish,
								White Sucker
Peninsula Harbour						Lake Trout,
								Whitefish, Round Whitefish,
								Longnose Sucker
Agawa Bay/Batchawana					Chinook Salmon,
Bay								Pink Salmon,
								Lake Trout,
								Whitefish, Cisco
Goulais Bay  Area		Yellow Perch,			Chinook Salmon,
								Lake Trout,
								Whitefish, White
								Sucker
Species and locales in the Lake Superior basin for which sport fish consumption advisories have been issued by the Province of Ontario for 1997/98.
Location			Near Shore Species	Offshore Species  
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solec ls 02
 In terms of environmental quality, Lake Superior is distinguished
by its high quality compared to the other Great Lakes and many
parts of the U.S. and southern Canada.  This is due in large part
to the relatively small population and very limited agriculture. 
Notable exceptions to this high quality are the seven Areas of
Concern where beneficial uses including the aquatic communities are
impaired.  Areas of Concern  include: the lower reach of the St. Louis River/Bay near Duluth, MN and Superior, Wisconsin; Thunder Bay, Ontario; and the smaller areas of Jackfish Bay, Nipigon Bay and Peninsula
Harbour in Ontario and Torch and Deer Lakes in Michigan.  Progress
is being made in restoring beneficial uses to all of the AOCs.
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Lake Michigan, the third largest in area, is the only Great Lake
entirely within the United States.  It ranks fourth in the world in area and fifth in  volume.  Water retention time in the Lake is estimated at approximately 100 years. 
 The northern part is in the colder, less developed upper Great
Lakes region.  It is sparsely populated, except for the lower Fox
River Valley which drains into Green Bay.  This Bay has one of the
most productive Great Lakes fisheries but receives the wastes from
the world's largest concentration of pulp and paper mills.  The
more temperate southern basin of Lake Michigan is among the most
urbanized areas in the Great Lakes system.  It contains the
Milwaukee and Chicago metropolitan areas.  This region is home to
about eight million people or about one-fifth of the total
population of the Great Lakes basin.  The basin as a whole has a
population of approximately 14 million.  Fortunately for the Lake,
drainage for much of the Chicago area has been redirected out of
the Great Lakes basin...................
solec lm 02
Environmental quality in the basin generally follows a north south
gradient, being best in the north and degrading to the south. 
There are ten Areas of Concern around the Lake where the worst
degradation exists.  In terms of magnitude, the Indiana Harbor,
Milwaukee and Green Bay AOCs are the largest and most degraded
although Waukegan Harbor and the Kalamazoo River contain very large
quantities of PCBs.  Manistique, Menominee, Sheboygan, Muskegon and
White Lake are less degraded, but still have beneficial use
impairments. 
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 Lake Huron, including Georgian Bay, is the second largest Great Lake in area.  It is the third largest lake in the world in area and sixth in
volume.  The population is approximately 2.4 million with about 55%
of the population in the U.S.  Like Lake Michigan, the northern
portion is lightly populated and extensively forested.  In
contrast, the Saginaw River basin is intensively farmed and
contains the Flint and Saginaw-Bay City metropolitan areas. 
Saginaw Bay, like Green Bay in Lake Michigan, contains a very
productive fishery..
solec lh 02
 Lake Huron is literally the lake in the middle, both geographically and in environmental quality. It has relatively good quality of water and wetlands except in the Areas of Concern. 
 Originally, there were five AOCs on Lake Huron, one of which,
Collingwood Harbour, has since been cleaned up and was taken off
the list of AOCs in 1994.  The binational St. Marys area at the head of the Lake was originally designated because of contaminants, but is also a major and growing source of lampreys.  Control of industrial sources is progressing and pollution loads are being reduced.  The two other Canadian AOCs, Spanish River and Severn Sound are responding well to remedial actions and showing recovery.  The U.S. AOC is Saginaw Bay.
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Saginaw Bay is a rich biological resource and is the largest freshwater coastal area in the U.S. with a water surface of 1,143 square miles (2960 square kilometres).  Biodiversity of the Bay and its watershed remains
quite high although 138 plant and animal species have been
identified as endangered, threatened or of special concern.  The
area continues to provide essential habitat for both fish and
wildlife with more than 3 million waterfowl migrating through the
area annually. 
 Historically there were approximately 37,000 acres (14,800
hectares) of emergent marsh around the Bay, but less than half
remains.  Throughout the watershed, wetlands originally covered
approximately two thirds of the basin but now cover only about 15%.
 The Bay receives runoff from an 8,700 square mile (22530 square
kilometre) watershed that contains 1.4 million people,
approximately 35% of the population of the entire Lake Huron basin. 
The watershed of the Bay also contains large amounts of industry
and intensive agriculture.  As a consequence, it has received heavy
loadings of nutrients and toxic contaminants.  Loadings have been
reduced, but problems of contamination and eutrophication continue,
partially due to recycling of old deposits. 
 In addition to human stresses, the most recent problem, the zebra
mussel invasion, has the potential to significantly impact
biological communities and contaminant cycling in the Bay.
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solec le 01
 Lake Erie is the smallest of the Lakes in volume and second
smallest in area.  Yet it is still the 11th largest lake in the
world in terms of surface area and 16th in volume.  Of all the
Great Lakes it is exposed to the greatest stress from urbanization
and agriculture.  The Lake receives runoff from the rich
agricultural lands of southwestern Ontario and parts of Ohio,
Indiana and Michigan.  Seventeen metropolitan areas of over 50,000
population are located within its basin.  The basin population is
approximately 13 million with approximately 88% of the population
within the U.S.
solec le 02
YM_BeenHere
There are eight  Areas of Concern on Lake Erie, but four more from
the Detroit and Sarnia areas contribute to its problems.  The
Buffalo AOC has little affect on the Lake as most of its discharge
is drawn into the Niagara River and into Lake Ontario.  Presque
Isle, Pennsylvania and Wheatley Harbour, Ontario are relatively
small, but the others are major problem areas.  The Ashtabula,
Cuyahoga, Black, Maumee and Raisin River areas all present
formidable problems as do the St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit and Rouge
River areas upstream. 
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Lake Erie is large in area, but the average depth is only about 19
metres (62 feet).  It is the shallowest and therefore warms rapidly
in the spring and summer and frequently freezes over in winter.  It
also has the shortest retention time of the Lakes, 2.6 years.  The
western basin, comprising about one-fifth of the lake, is very
shallow with an average depth of 7.4 metres (24 feet).  The waters
of the lake, like the surrounding farm lands, are highly
productive; approximately ten times as productive as the other
Lakes.  In terms of world rank, Lake Erie  is 11th in area and 16th in
volume. 
solec le 04
Lake Erie is the smallest of the Lakes in volume and second
smallest in area.  Yet it is still the 11th largest lake in the
world in terms of surface area and 16th in volume.  Of all the
Great Lakes it is exposed to the greatest stress from urbanization
and agriculture.  The Lake receives runoff from the rich
agricultural lands of southwestern Ontario and parts of Ohio,
Indiana and Michigan.  Seventeen metropolitan areas of over 50,000
population are located within its basin.  The basin population is
approximately 13 million with approximately 88% of the population
within the U.S.
Although the Lake Erie basin is the most intensively populated and
farmed, the pollution loading has been mitigated by the through
sedimentation from the  productive algae and fine soil particles
from farmland erosion.  Therefore, with respect to toxic
contaminants, Lake Erie organisms have historically shown
relatively low concentrations compared to the other Lakes.  rapid
transfer of pollutants to bottom deposits  As eroded soil and
nutrient levels decline and zebra mussels deplete algal
populations, this may change, increasing rates of bioaccumulation.........
solec le 05
YM_BeenHere
A LaMP (Lakewide Management Plan) is currently being developed for
Lake Erie, in accordance with the GLWQA, between the Canadian and
U.S. federal governments, the four Great Lakes states (Ohio,
Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New York) and the province of Ontario. 
The goal of the LaMP is to restore and protect the beneficial uses
of Lake Erie using an ecosystem approach.  It will address critical
pollutants, habitat loss, exotic species and natural resource
management including fish community objectives.  Fish community
objectives are being developed in response to the Strategic Great
Lakes Fisheries Management Plan and are currently under review. 
 Four critical pollutants have already been identified for
immediate action: PCBs, DDT and metabolites, chlordane, and
dieldrin, and the remainder of pollutants will be identified
through the beneficial use impairment assessment.  LaMP activities
will closely coordinate with the Remedial Action Plans for the AOCs
in the Lake Erie drainage basin, as well as coordinating with
programs downstream like the Niagara River Toxic Management Plan
and the Lake Ontario LaMP. 
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solec le 06
 Although not yet established in Lake Erie another exotic species
to be concerned about is the ruffe.  Ruffe habitat consists of warm
shallow water such as found in much of Lake Erie.  In fact,
considering all of the Great Lakes, Lake Erie has over half the
thermally suitable habitat.  Potential effects of large populations
of ruffe on fish communities are unknown, but if it were to become
as abundant in all the thermally suitable habitat as it did in the
St. Louis River estuary of Lake Superior, it would be a major
problem for the Great Lakes fisheries.  A decline in the yellow
perch abundance similar to that seen in the St. Louis River estuary of Lake Superior would seriously impact the fishery which is presently valued at
$141 million Can. ($101 million U.S.) in Lake Erie alone for yellow
perch.
solec le 07
YM_BeenHere
The eating habits of mussels have led to large changes in the food
web.  They have depleted the food source (phytoplankton) for other
native filter feeders (including juvenile walleye), and also
assimilate toxic contaminants.  This could result in higher
contaminant concentrations in the remaining phytoplankton and
zooplankton as well as higher concentrations in fish and wildlife
species feeding directly on the mussels and other benthos (bottom
dwellers).  The results of the zebra mussel invasion have become
far more complex than the physical problems of clogging intake
pipes or jamming machinery.
solec le 08
YM_BeenHere
By consuming large amounts of phytoplankton Zebra Mussels have increased water clarity by 77% between 1988 and 1991.  With the increased water clariy, sunlight is able to penetrate deeper, allowing rooted aquatic plants to spread into deeper water.  This has had ecological benefit to many organisms, but has interfered with swimming and boating in some areas.
solec lst 01
YM_BeenHere
 Lake St. Clair is a relatively small shallow lake of 1114 square
kilometres (430 square miles) and a volume of 4.2 cubic kilometres
(1 cubic mile).  It lies between Lakes Huron and Erie but is
completely within the Lake Erie drainage basin.  There is a high
population and industrial base surrounding it. This has led to the
loss of much of the surrounding habitat/wetlands, and to
contaminant problems in both the water and the sediments.  Lake St.
Clair and the St. Clair River are very important staging areas for
migrating birds and fish, so habitat loss is a real concern.  Zebra
mussels are a major influence on the Lake St. Clair ecosystem.  The
population explosion of the mussels has resulted in better water
clarity/quality, but this in turn has altered the nutrient cycling
and food chains, as well as allowing aquatic vegetation to spread
throughout the Lake. 
 There are four Areas of Concern in the Lake St. Clair area which affect Lake Erie: St. Clair, Clinton, Detroit, and Rouge River.  There is no specific LaMP for the Lake but it is generally managed similarly to Lake Erie.  Priority is given to exotic species, loss of habitat, and persistent toxic contaminants. 
st. clair for carolinian
Lake St. Clair is a relatively small shallow lake of 1114 square
kilometres (430 square miles) and a volume of 4.2 cubic kilometres
(1 cubic mile).  It lies between Lakes Huron and Erie but is
completely within the Lake Erie drainage basin.  There is a high
population and industrial base surrounding it. This has led to the
loss of much of the surrounding habitat/wetlands, and to
contaminant problems in both the water and the sediments.  Lake St.
Clair and the St. Clair River are very important staging areas for
migrating birds and fish, so habitat loss is a real concern.  Zebra
mussels are a major influence on the Lake St. Clair ecosystem.  The
population explosion of the mussels has resulted in better water
clarity/quality, but this in turn has altered the nutrient cycling
and food chains, as well as allowing aquatic vegetation to spread
throughout the Lake. 
solec lo 01
eenHere
Lake Ontario, although slightly smaller in area, is much deeper than its upstream neighbour, Lake Erie, with an average depth of 86 metres (283 feet) and a retention time of about six years.  In terms of world rank, Lake Ontario is 15th in area and 11th in volume.  Major urban industrial centres, such as Hamilton, Toronto and Rochester are located on its shore.  The U.S. shore is less urbanized and is not intensively farmed, except for a narrow coastal plane..........
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solec lo 02
YM_BeenHere
There are approximately 6.6 million people living within the Lake Ontario basin of which nearly 69% reside in Canada.  Most of the population is concentrated in the western half of the basin, including the Toronto-Hamilton crescent, that contains more than half of the entire Canadian Great Lakes basin population.  U.S. population is concentrated in the Rochester and Syracuse-Oswego areas.  Lake Ontario is also directly impacted by the
Buffalo-Niagara area since pollutant loadings from that area typically flow into Lake Ontario rather than mixing into Lake Erie........
solec lo 03
YM_BeenHere
Lake Ontario contains seven Areas of Concern, of which Toronto and Hamilton
Harbour are of the largest magnitude.  The others are Port Hope and the Bay of Quinte in Ontario and Eighteen Mile Creek, Rochester and Oswego in New York.  An eighth, the Niagara River AOC, supplies approximately 70% of the contaminant loading to Lake Ontario.  Lake Erie's Buffalo River also primarily impacts Lake Ontario rather than Lake Erie. 
Lakewide, accelerated eutrophication has been brought under control, but remains a problem in localized bays and river mouth areas, notably Hamilton Harbour and the Bay of Quinte.........
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Mirex and photomirex are contaminants whose problem is mainly confined to Lake Ontario fish and fish-eating birds, although very low levels (100-200 times less) have been found in Lakes Erie and Huron birds and fish.  Mirex concentrations in fish have declined significantly since the 1980s in Lake Ontario.  Increases were observed in 1991 and 1992, but they are thought to be the result of changes in the food chain rather than increased loadings to Lake Ontario.  Nevertheless the concentrations remain high enough to be
the basis for some fish consumption advisories.         
solec lo 05
YM_BeenHere
In Lake Ontario consumption advisories are in effect for lake trout, chinook salmon, coho salmon, brown trout, steelhead, rainbow trout, and walleye.  As in the other Lakes, advisories differ by species, size and location, so it is important to check with the appropriate government agency......
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solec cc 01
Connecting channels are often the most heavily utilized by humans, therefore all five of the connecting channels have impaired habitat.  Part or all of each connecting channel has been designated as an Areas of Concern.  In addition to the impacts of agriculture, industry and urbanization (which also affect the Lakes), the connecting channels suffer from physical alterations for shipping, water level management and power generation causing a loss of wetlands and rapids habitat.        
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 Connecting channels are often the most heavily utilized by humans,
therefore all five of the connecting channels have impaired
habitat.  Part or all of each connecting channel has been
designated as an AOC.  In addition to  the impacts of agriculture, industry and urbanization (which also affect the Lakes), the connecting channels
suffer from physical alterations for shipping, water level
management and power generation causing a loss of wetlands and
rapids habitat. 
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	a	STATE OF AQUATIC COMMUNITIES				
1.	Native Species Loss (number of native species)
	Lake Superior  Good/restored
	Lakes Huron, Michigan, Erie & Ontario   Mixed/Improving
2.	Ecosystem Imbalance (Lake Trout Dichotomous Key)
	Lake Superior  Good/restored
	Lakes Huron    Mixed/Improving
	Lakes Michigan, Erie & Ontario  Poor	
3.	Reproductive Impairment
	Effects - all Lakes   Mixed/Improving
	Body burdens - all Lakes   Mixed/Improving		
STATE OF AQUATIC HABITAT AND WETLANDS				
1.	Loss in habitat/wetlands quality & quantity  Poor	
	U.S.	-	Michigan Survey  Poor		
		-	other states  Poor	
	Ontario	-	CWS coastal wetlands
		-	Brook trout stream habitat (Upper Lakes)  Good/restored
		-	Brook trout stream habitat (Lower Lakes)  Poor	
2.	Encroachment/development basinwide   Poor			
3.	Gains in habitat/wetlands quality & quantity
	areas protected under the North American 
                               Wildfowl Management Plan Good/restored
	net effect	 Poor	
NUTRIENT STRESSES
1.	Total phosphorus loads   
	targets achieved in 4 of 5 Lakes (1991)   Good/restored
2.	Total phosphorus intake concentrations   
	objectives achieved in all Lakes (1991)  Good/restored
3.	Lake Erie dissolved oxygen (central basin hypolimnion)   Mixed/Improving	
4.	Chlorophyll a (as indicator of nuisance algal growth) in   Good/restored
 	Lower Lakes
CONTAMINANT STRESSES				
1.	Loadings   Mixed/Improving		
2.	Residue in fish	   Mixed/Improving	
3.	Residue in birds (herring gulls)   Mixed/Improving		
4.	Body burdens - all Lakes   Mixed/Improving	
ECONOMIC STRESSES AND MITIGATING ACTIVITY				
1.	Employment (manufacturing & other sectors)   Mixed/Deteriorating
2.	Infrastructure investment (public & private sectors)  Poor
3.	Research & development (measures of technological
 	innovation)     Mixed/Deteriorating
4.	Land-use and reuse changes (loss of agricultural land
 	and urban development)  Poor			
5.	Population growth & stability (compared to other regions)  Mixed/Deteriorating
6.	Pollution prevention (expenditures & results
	loadings/emissions/discharges)	   Mixed/Improving	
7.	Personal income (statistics)	Mixed/Deteriorating	
8.	Adoption of stewardship approach (public & private
 	sectors)   Mixed/Improving	
9.	Water conservation (industry & per capita)      Mixed/Improving
10.	Energy use (per capita)      Mixed/Improvinggproving
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Indicators of Ecosystem Health
consumption
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Common Name	Species Name		Lake 	    Lake	     Lake           Lake    Lake
					            Superior   Huron   Michigan    Erie     Ontario
Lake sturgeon	          Acipenser fluvescens       1              1           1                  1          1
Lake herring	          Coregonus  artedii	                1           1                  1          1  				
Lake whitefish	          C. clupeaformis					             1  
Bloater		          C. hoyi				                                     NP       2
Deepwater cisco        C. johannae	           NP             3           3                  NP      NP       			
Kiyi		          C. kiyi				     2           2                  NP      2			
Blackfin cisco	          C. nigripinnis	           NP             3           3                  NP      NP       			
Shortnose cisco         C. reighardi	           NP             1           2                  NP      NP   			
Shortjaw cisco	          C. zenithicus	           1                2           2                  2         2     				
Burbot		          Lota lota			                                                            1		
Deepwater sculpin    Myoxocephalus thompsoni                                                             2
Spoonhead sculpin   C. ricei                                             2           1                 2          2
Emerald shiner         Notropis atherinoides			      2                 1		
Atlantic salmon         Salmo salar		NP            NP        NP                NP      NP
Lake trout	          Salvelinus namaycush		     2*	      2*	              2*	2*
Sauger		          Stizostedion canadense					  2
Blue pike	          S. vitreum glaucum					  3         3
An asterisk (*) indicates stocking programs exist to attempt reintroduction.  Status codes
are 1 (Depleted), 2 (Extirpated) and 3 (Extinct).  Open cells indicate that status is not
depleted relative to historical conditions.  NP indicates that the species was not known 
to be present historically...
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Summary of Fish Species Lost or Seriously Diminished in the Great Lakes
Common Name	Species Name		Lake 	    Lake	     Lake           Lake    Lake
					            Superior   Huron   Michigan    Erie     Ontario
Lake sturgeon	          Acipenser fluvescens       1              1           1                  1          1
Lake herring	          Coregonus  artedii	                1           1                  1          1  				
Lake whitefish	          C. clupeaformis					             1  
Bloater		          C. hoyi				                                     NP       2
Deepwater cisco        C. johannae	           NP             3           3                  NP      NP       			
Kiyi		          C. kiyi				     2           2                  NP      2			
Blackfin cisco	          C. nigripinnis	           NP             3           3                  NP      NP       			
Shortnose cisco         C. reighardi	           NP             1           2                  NP      NP   			
Shortjaw cisco	          C. zenithicus	           1                2           2                  2         2     				
Burbot		          Lota lota			                                                            1		
Deepwater sculpin    Myoxocephalus thompsoni                                                             2
Spoonhead sculpin   C. ricei                                             2           1                 2          2
Emerald shiner         Notropis atherinoides			      2                 1		
Atlantic salmon         Salmo salar		NP            NP        NP                NP      NP
Lake trout	          Salvelinus namaycush		     2*	      2*	              2*	2*
Sauger		          Stizostedion canadense					  2
Blue pike	          S. vitreum glaucum					  3         3
An asterisk (*) indicates stocking programs exist to attempt reintroduction.  Status codes
are 1 (Depleted), 2 (Extirpated) and 3 (Extinct).  Open cells indicate that status is not
depleted relative to historical conditions.  NP indicates that the species was not known 
to be present historically...
solec tab 03 a
Common Name	Species Name		Lake 	    Lake	     Lake           Lake    Lake
					            Superior   Huron   Michigan    Erie     Ontario
Lake sturgeon	Acipenser fluvescens       1              1           1                  1          1
Lake herring		Coregonus  artedii   	                1           1                  1          1  				
Lake whitefish	C. clupeaformis					             1  
Bloater		C. hoyi				                                     NP       2
Deepwater cisco	C. johannae	           NP             3           3                  NP      NP       			
Kiyi		 	C. kiyi				     2           2                  NP      2			
Blackfin cisco	C. nigripinnis	           NP             3           3                  NP      NP       			
Shortnose cisco	C. reighardi	           NP             1           2                  NP      NP   			
Shortjaw cisco	C. zenithicus	           1                2           2                  2         2     				
Burbot		Lota lota			                                                1		
Deepwater sculpin    Myoxocephalus thompsoni                                                             2
Spoonhead sculpin   C. ricei                                             2           1                 2          2
Emerald shiner	Notropis atherinoides			      2                 1		
Atlantic salmon 	Salmo salar		NP            NP        NP                NP      NP
Lake trout		Salvelinus namaycush		     2*	      2*	              2*	2*
Sauger		Stizostedion canadense					  2
Blue pike		S. vitreum glaucum					  3         3
An asterisk (*) indicates stocking programs exist to attempt reintroduction.  Status codes
are 1 (Depleted), 2 (Extirpated) and 3 (Extinct).  Open cells indicate that status is not
depleted relative to historical conditions.  NP indicates that the species was not known 
to be present historically.orically.orically.orically.ically.rically.torically.torically.rically.rically.ically.orically..torically.torically.torically.orically.torically...
summary
Summary of Fish Species Lost or Seriously Diminished in the Great Lakes
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Prioritiy Contaminants in the Great Lakes
Aldrin			
Benzo(a)pyrene	
Chlordane	
Copper	
DDT and metabolites	
Dieldrin	
Furan	
Heptachlor		
Heptachlor epoxide		
Hexachlorobenzene	
Alkylated lead	
a Hexachlorocyclohexane	
b Hexachlorocyclohexane		
Mercury	
Mirex	
Octachlorostyrene	
PCBs	
2,3,7,8-TCDD (a dioxin)	
Toxaphene	
solec tab 06
Ecological Health                          Habitat                Human Health               Human Use
1.  Degradation of fish and          7.  Loss of fish and     8.  Restrictions on fish and    10.  Tainting of fish and
     wildlife populations                     wildlife habitat             wildlife consumption                 wildlife flavour
2.  Degradation of Benthos                                                 9.  Beach Closings                    11.   Restrictions on dredging
                                                                                                                                                              activities
3.  Degradation of plankton                                                                                                      12.  Restrictions on drinking
     populations                                                                                                                                   water consumption, or
                                                                                                                                                              taste and odour problems              
4.  Eutrophication or                                                                                                                  13.   Degradation of                            undesirable algae                                                                                                                        aestetics                                                                                                                                                                                                               
5.  Fish tumors or other                                                                                                           14.   Added costs to
     defornities                                                                                                                                      agriculture or industry  
6.  Bird or animal deformities
     or reproductive problemssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
Beneficial Use Impairments by Categoryyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
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"TABLE" = 570,1335,9135,3170
"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
 Area of Concern        Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
TABLE
 Peninsula Harbour      
 Jackfish Bay
 Nipigon Bay
 Thunder Bay
 St. Louis River
 Torch Lake
 Deer Lake
Lake Superior Impaired Usessyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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Note: Click on any black rectangle and you will see which problems occur in a given area of concern..........them and you will see an explanation of which problems occurr in a given area....
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
Beach Closingss
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
three
Degradation of plankton populations
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
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"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
 Area of Concern        Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
TABLE
 Peninsula Harbour      
 Jackfish Bay
 Nipigon Bay
 Thunder Bay
 St. Louis River
 Torch Lake
 Deer Lake
Lake Superior Impaired Usessyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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Note: Click on any black rectangle and you will see which problems occur in a given area of concern..........them and you will see an explanation of which problems occurr in a given area....
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
Beach Closingss
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
three
Degradation of plankton populations
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
solec tab 8
TABLE
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
enterPage
"TABLE" = 200,1335,9135,3855
"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
TABLE
 Manistique River     
 Lower Menominee
 Lower Green Bay
 Sheboygan River
 Milwaukee Estuary
 Waukegan Harbor
 Grand Calumet River
 Kalamazoo River
 Muskegon Lake
 White Lake
 Area of Concern               Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
!o	)"
Lake Michigan Impaired Usesyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Beach Closingss
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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Note: Click on any black rectangle and you will see which problems occur in a given area of concern..........them and you will see an explanation of which problems occurr in a given area....
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
solec tab 9
TABLE
thirteen
eleven
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enterPage
"TABLE" = 300,1335,9135,2595
"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
TABLE
 Saginaw River     
 Collingwood Harbour           Delisted
 Severn Sound
 Spanish Harbour
egan Harbor
Grand Calumet River
Kalamazoo River
Muskegon Lake
White Lakeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
 Area of Concern            Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
Lake Huron Impaired Usesyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
Beach Closingss
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
Restriction on fish and wildlife consumption is not attributable to local sources for Collingwood Harbour and Spanish Harbour.
solec tab 10
TABLE
twelfe
thirteen
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enterPage
"TABLE" = 450,1335,9135,4075
"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
"twelfe" = 5850,2280
">#(&V'
 Area of Concern        Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
TABLE
 River Raisin     
 Maumeee River
 Black River
 Cuyhahoga River
 Ashtabula River
 Presque Isle Bay
 Wheatley Harbour
 Buffalo River
 Rouge River
 Clinton Rivereeeeeeeeeeeeee
Lake Erie Impaired Usessssssssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
Beach Closingss
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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8'p&5'
Note: Click on any black rectangle and you will see which problems occur in a given area of concern..........them and you will see an explanation of which problems occurr in a given area....
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
solec tab 11
TABLE
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
enterPage
"TABLE" = 250,1335,9135,3135
"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
TABLE
 Eighteen Mile Creek      
 Rochester Embayment
 Oswego River
 Bay of Quinte
 Port Hope Harbour
 Metro Toronto
 Hamilton Harbour
 Area of Concern              Ecological Health     Habitat        Human Health       Human Usee
Lake Ontario Impaired Usesssssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Beach Closingss
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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Note: Click on any black rectangle and you will see which problems occur in a given area of concern..........them and you will see an explanation of which problems occurr in a given area....
Degradation of benthos
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
solec tab 11a
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eleven
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"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
&N'"(
TABLE
 Eighteen Mile Creek      
 Rochester Embayment
 Oswego River
 Bay of Quinte
 Port Hope Harbour
 Metro Toronto
 Hamilton Harbour
 Area of Concern              Ecological Health     Habitat        Human Health       Human Usee
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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"fourteen"
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Note: Click on any black rectangle and you will see which problems occur in a given area of concern..........them and you will see an explanation of which problems occurr in a given area....
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Beach Closingss
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
thirteen
Degradation of aestetics
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
Beach Closingss
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Lake Ontario Impaired Usesssssssssssssssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
solec tab 12
TABLE
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"TABLE" = 400,1335,9135,3175
"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
 :!~!
 Area of Concern            Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use7
TABLE
 St. Marys River
 St. Clair River
  Detroit River
 Niagara River (ON)
 Niagara River (NY)
 St. Lawrence R. (ON)
 St. Lawrence R. (NY)
Connecting Channels Impaired Usessssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformities
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Beach Closingss
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
solec tab 12a
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"ten" = 5550,1650
"eleven" = 5535,1500
"thirteen" = 6675, 1995, 9270,2460
"fourteen" = 6105, 2250
 Area of Concern            Ecological Health      Habitat        Human Health       Human Use
TABLE
 St. Marys River
 St. Clair River
  Detroit River
 Niagara River (ON)
 Niagara River (NY)
 St. Lawrence R. (ON)
 St. Lawrence R. (NY)
Connecting Channels Impaired Usessssssyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy
Degradation of fish and wildlife population
Degradation of benthos
three
Degradation of plankton populations
Eutrophication or undesiderable algae
Fish tumors or other deformitiesS
Bird or animal deformities or reproductive problems
Beach Closingss
thirteen
Degradation of aesthetics
eight
seven
twelfe
three
thirteen
eleven
fourteen
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fourteen
Added costs to agriculture or industry
eleven
Restrictions on dredging activities
twelfe
Restrictions on drinking water consumption, or taste and odour problems
seven
Loss of fish and wildlife habitat
eight
Restrictions on fish and widlife consumption
Tainting of fish and wildlife flavour
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9608091124178064522882114
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On the basis of laboratory  analysis of  fish for chemical contaminants, consumption advisories are drawn up. Sport fish consumption advisories indicate the maximum number of meals per month for a 60 kg person.  A meal is  assumed to be 227 grams (eight ounces). The consumption advisories range from no meals to 8 meals per month depending on the species and location.  Advisories  also consider the size of the fish with larger, older fish being more likely to have organochlorine contaminants in their flesh.
Lake Superior fish were tested for the following contaminants: mercury, PCBs, mirex, pesticides, other metals, dioxins and furans, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
970724151712296643610165096
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On the basis of laboratory  analysis of  fish for chemical contaminants, consumption advisories are drawn up. Sport fish consumption advisories indicate the maximum number of meals per month for a 60 kg person.  A meal is  assumed to be 227 grams (eight ounces). The consumption advisories range from no meals to 8 meals per month depending on the species and location.  Advisories  also consider the size of the fish with larger, older fish being more likely to have organochlorine contaminants in their flesh.
Lake Ontario fish were tested for the following contaminants: mercury, PCBs, mirex, pesticides, other metals, dioxins and furans.G
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mirex
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 Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Ministry of Natural Resources.  1997.    Guide to eating Ontario sport fish 1997/98.  Toronto, Ontario:  Queen's Printer for Ontario.    Queen's Printer for Ontario.   
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